Functional genomics tools have recently been used to disentangle the genetic basis of pesticide resistance in arthropods –. The study of insecticide resistance makes it possible to classify adaptations into three main mechanisms: (i) reduction of insecticide uptake, by reducing the permeability of insect cuticle –, (ii) detoxification, through alteration in the levels or enzyme activities that degrade or sequester insecticides, , – and, (iii) insensitivity due to point mutations in genes encoding for proteins that are the target site of insecticides –. Therefore, identifying the molecular and genetic adaptations responsible for insecticide resistance will offer new opportunities for developing pest management strategies. Agricultural practices usually include the systematic application of a wide array of active compounds at variable dosages and frequencies, which represent a wide range of selective regimes. The development of insecticide resistance in pest insects has been an increasing problem for agriculture, forestry and public health. The study of insecticide resistance is important, both because it leads to a better understanding of evolutionary mechanisms operating in real time, and because of its economic relevance. Insecticide resistance is one of the best examples of micro-evolution, or evolution occurring on an ecological time scale –. This does not alter the authors’ adherence to all the PLoS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. Currently, JSR is hired at Agave BioSystems (401 E State St # 200 Ithaca, New York 14850, United States of America). student of GJ at the Boyce Thomson Institute for Plant Research in Cornell during the time the data reported in this manuscript was collected. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors declare that JSR was a former Ph.D. The work is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication.įunding: This research was funded by Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica doctoral grant to AXS, by Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico grant N☁090378 to CCF, and by the United States Department of Agriculture grant N☂005-35604-15446 to GJ.
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This is an open-access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. Received: FebruAccepted: ApPublished: June 7, 2012 PLoS ONE 7(6):Įditor: Subba Reddy Palli, U.
Results obtained give insight into Phdp virulence strategies and contribute to the identification of promising targets for the control of photobacteriosis.Citation: Silva AX, Jander G, Samaniego H, Ramsey JS, Figueroa CC (2012) Insecticide Resistance Mechanisms in the Green Peach Aphid Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) I: A Transcriptomic Survey.
The highest increases corresponded to genes involved in survival under iron limiting conditions and oxidative stress, indicating their essential role during infection of sole. Increased transcription of genes encoding proteins involved in iron acquisition (Irp1, Irp2, HutB and HutD), oxidative stress defence (AhpC and Sod), adhesion (PDP_0080), toxins (AIP56) and metabolism (Impdh, Shmt and AlaRS) were detected in Phdp infecting S. senegalensis infection has been determined in the present work. Considering that different hosts may represent different environments for the pathogen, expression of Phdp virulence and in vivo induced antigen (IVIAT) genes during S. Determination of gene expression under in vivo conditions constitutes a valuable tool in the assessment of microbial pathogenesis. It is well established that bacteria respond to environmental signals and, in the case of pathogens, this ability may determine the outcome of their interaction with the host. Solea senegalensis, a valuable fish species for aquaculture in the south of Europe, is frequently affected by this pathogen. piscicida ( Phdp) is responsible for disease outbreaks in marine aquaculture worldwide.
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